KESKUSTELU

Miesten ympärileikkauksessa mies ei menetä mitään, paitsi sen esinahkansa. Hän voi silti harrastaa ja nauttia seksistä samaan tapaan kuin ympärileikkaamattomatkin. Mies ei kärsi.

Journal of Health Psychology
An Interdisciplinary, International Journal

Volume 07 Issue 03 - Publication Date: 1 May 2002

Summary:
Infant male circumcision continues despite growing questions about its medical justification. As usually performed without analgesia or anaesthetic, circumcision is observably painful. It is likely that genital cutting has physical, sexual and psychological consequences too. Some studies link involuntary male circumcision with a range of negative emotions and even post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Some circumcised men have described their current feelings in the language of violation, torture, mutilation and sexual assault. In view of the acute as well as long-term risks from circumcision and the legal liabilities that might arise, it is timely for health professionals and scientists to re-examine the evidence on this issue and participate in the debate about the advisability of this surgical procedure on unconsenting minors.

A traumatic experience is defined in DSM-IV as the direct consequence of experiencing or witnessing of serious injury or threat to physical integrity that produces intense fear, helplessness or (in the case of children) agitation (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The significant pain and distress described earlier is consistent with this definition. Moreover, the disturbance (e.g., physiological arousal, avoidant behaviour) qualifies for a diagnosis of acute stress disorder if it lasts at least two days or even a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) if it lasts more than a month. Circumcision without anaesthesia constitutes a severely traumatic event in a child's life (Lander, Brady-Freyer, Metcalfe, Nazerali, & Muttit, 1997; Ramos & Boyle, 2001; Taddio, Katz, Ilersich, & Koren, 1997). It is possible that the trauma of genital surgery might have long-lasting psychological effects (Bigelow, 1995; Levy, 1945; Jacobson & Bygdeman, 1998; Anand & Scalzo, 2000).

Van Howe (1996, p. 431) reported that, "Newborn males respond to circumcision with a marked reduction in oxygenation during the procedure, a cortisol surge, decreased wakefulness, increased vagal tone, and less interactions with their environment following the procedure..." Rhinehart (1999) in a report of clinical cases noted that the only response available to the infant is shock, wherein the central nervous system is overwhelmed by pain, followed by numbing, paralysis, and dissociation. Possibly, dissociation of the traumatic experience and emotional pain may be employed by the infant as a psychological defence (Chu & Dill, 1990; Noyes, 1977; Rhinehart, 1999). While some babies have been described as being "quiet" after circumcision, Rhinehart concluded that the observed stillness most likely represents a state of dissociation or shock in response to the overwhelming pain.

...

There are also serious functional consequences of circumcision. Impaired sexual functioning was reported by 84% of respondents in a survey of circumcised men (Hammond, 1997). Taylor, Lockwood, and Taylor (1996) provided anatomical and histological support for these self-reports of circumcised men by documenting the irreplaceable loss of specialised erogenous mucosa through circumcision. Further difficulties attributed to circumcision included intimacy problems (45%) and addiction/dependency problems (26%). Specific physical problems reported included glans insensitivity (55%), need for excess stimulation to enable ejaculation (38%), prominent scarring (29%), and insufficient residual shaft skin to accommodate full, untethered erections (27%).

Niin, tästähän on kiistelty, kumpi painaa enemmän, ja tasapelistä on kyse.

Tokkopa se kaikkitietävälle(kaikkivoipalle) sen vaikeampaa olisi ilman tuota turhaa rituaaliakaan.. Eikös hää muka nääkkää sielujen syövereihin kuten aina annetaan ymmärtää?

Vähän minä ihmettelen, mihin Allah ja Jahve kaikki ne esinahat tarvitsee, joita niille niin helskutisti kerätään.

Tasapeli? Esinahan puute ei aiheuta mitään terveyshaittaa, mutta suojaa mm. sukupuolitaudeilta ja ehkäisee hiivatulehduksia.

Tasapeli? Esinahan puute ei aiheuta mitään terveyshaittaa, mutta suojaa mm. sukupuolitaudeilta ja ehkäisee hiivatulehduksia.

A randomised controlled trial in Uganda found that male circumcision did not reduce male to female transmission of HIV. The authors could not rule out the possibility of higher risk of transmission from men who did not wait for the wound to fully heal before engaging in intercourse.[165] A meta-analysis of data from fifteen observational studies of men who have sex with men found "insufficient evidence that male circumcision protects against HIV infection or other STIs."[166]

A meta-analysis of 12 studies (one randomised controlled trial, four cohort studies and seven case-control studies) representing 402,908 children determined that circumcision was associated with a significantly reduced risk of urinary tract infection (UTI). However, the authors noted that only 1% of boys with normal urinary tract function experience a UTI, and the number-needed-to treat (number of circumcisions necessary) to prevent one urinary tract infection was calculated to be 111. Because haemorrhage and infection are the commonest complications of circumcision, occurring at rate of about 2%, assuming equal utility of benefits and harms, the authors concluded that the net clinical benefit of circumcision is only likely in boys at high risk of urinary tract infection (such as those with high grade vesicoureteral reflux or a history of recurrent UTIs, where the number needed to treat declined to 11 and 4, respectively).[189]

Ainoat haitat seuraavat siitä, että se tehdään rituaalisesti, ilman puudutusta ja ilman asianmukaista koulutusta. Seurauksena on trauma ja mahdolliset komplikaatiot.

Abortti sen sijaan on toimenpide, jossa lapselle ei jää valitusoikeutta kivun tai oikeutuksen suhteen.

Mitä nyt mm. 20 kertainen riski komplikaatioihin, ja virtsareiän supistumista esiintyy ympärileikatuilla ihoärsytyksen vuoksi.

Lyhyesti: ympärileikkaus aiheuttaa todennäköisemmin ongelmia kuin ratkaisee niitä.

Tasapeli? Esinahan puute ei aiheuta mitään terveyshaittaa, mutta suojaa mm. sukupuolitaudeilta ja ehkäisee hiivatulehduksia.

Minun näkökulmastani on kyse lapsen fyysisestä koskemattomuudesta.

Mitä nyt mm. 20 kertainen riski komplikaatioihin.

Kuinka vaarallisia komplikaatioita on esiintynyt niillä, jotka on leikattu Suomessa?

Milloin itse olet vastannut vastaavanlaatuiseen sinulle esitettyyn kysymykseen, tyhjentävästi?